The Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

The Delhi Sultanate 

(1206-1526)

Introduction : The defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan in the second battle of Tarain in 1192 by Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori inaugurated an era of Muslim rule in India. The sudden death of Muhammad Ghori in 1206 and his failure to specify succession procedures pitted his three slaves Tajuddin Yalduz, Nasiruddin Qubacha and Qutbuddin Aibek against each other.

The period between 1206 and 1526 in the Indian history is known as the "Period of the Sultan Rulers" . During this period, rulers belonging to five different dynasties- The Slaves, the Khiljis, the Tughlaqs, the Sayyids and the Lodhis-ruled over India.

The Background of Delhi Sultanate :

• First Muslim Invasion-Mohammad Bin Qasim's Invasion (712 AD) : Mohammad Bin Qasim invaded India in 712 AD and conquered Sindh which became the province of Omayyad Khilafat.
• First Turk Invasion-Mahmud Ghaznavi's Invasion (998-1030 AD) :Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni led about 17 expeditions to India to enrich himself by taking away the wealth from India. In 1025 he attacked and raided the most celebrated Hindu temple of Somnath that lies on the coast in the extreme south of Kathiwar. The temple was destroyed in 1026 AD.
• Second Turk Invasion-Mohammad Ghori's Invasion (1175-1206 AD) :Mohammad Ghori invaded India and laid the foundation of the Muslim domination in India. He may be considered the founder of muslim rule in India.
• Reasons for the Sucess of Turks in India :
1. Rajputs lacked unity and organisation;divided by rivalaries
2. There was no central government
3. Kingdoms were small and scattered
4. Turks were better organised and took advantage of the lack of mutual cooperation among the Rajputs.

Mohammad Ghori's conquests became the nucleus of a new political entity in India-the Delhi Sultnate. This period can be divided into 5 distint periods viz

1. The Slave dynasty (1206-1290)
2. The Khijli Dynasty (1290-1320)
3. The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)
4. The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451)
5. The Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)

The Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)

The Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)

 

Also called Mumluk or Ghulam Dynasty

All the Muslim rules that ascended the throne of Delhi after the death of Muhammad Ghori in 1206 till 1290 were either themselves slaves or the descendants of these slave rulers. That is why the rulers belonging ot this dynasty are generally are known as the "Slave Rulers" or the Mameluk Sultans and the dynasty is called the "Slave dynasty. " Muhaammad Ghori had left Indian possessions in the care of his former slave, Qutub-ud-bin Aibek, who on the death of his master, severed his links with Ghazni and asserted his independence, becuase he use to give (harity.)

Qutubuddin Aibek: 1206-1210

A Turkish slave by origin, he was purchased by Mohammad Ghori who later made him his Governor. After the death of Ghori, Aibek became the master of Hindustan and founded the Slave dynasty in 1206. For his generosity, he was given the title of Lakh Bakhsh (give of Lakhs.) He died in 1210 while playing Chaugan or Polo He constructed two mosques-Quwat-ul-Islam at Delhi and Adhai din ka Jhonpra at Ajmer. He also began the construction of Qutub Minar, in the honour of famus Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhityar Kaki. Aibek was great patron of learning and patronised writers like Hasan-un-Nizami, author of 'Taj-ul-Massir' and Fakhruddin,author of 'Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shah.

Shamsuddin Iltutmish: 1211-1236

He was a slave of Qutubuddin Aibak and occupied the throne of Delhi in 1211 after deposing Aram Bakhsh. He was a very capable ruler and is regarded as the 'real founder of the DelhiSultanate'. He made Delhi the capital in the place of Lahore. He saved Delhi Sultanate from the wrath of Chengiz Khan, the Mongol leader, by refuing shelter to Khwarizm Shah, whom Chengiz was chasing. He introduced the silver coin (tanka) and the copper coin (jital). He organised the lqta System and introduced reforms in civil administration and army, which was now centrally paid and recruited. He set up an official nobality of slaves known as Chahalgani/Chlisa(group of 40) He completed the construction of Qutub Minar which was started by Aibeks He patronised Minhaj-us-Siraj, author of 'Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'..

Razia Sultan: 1236-1240

Though Iltutmish had nominated his daughter Razia as the successor, the nobles placed Ruknuddin Firoj on the throne. However, Razia got rid of Ruknuddin and ascended the throne. She was the 'first and only Muslim lady who ever ruled India' She was popular among the people but she was not acceptable to the nobles and theologians. She further offended the nobles by her perference for an Abyssian slave Yakut. Soon after her accession, the governors of Multan, Badaun, Hansi & Lahore openly revolted against her. There was a serious rebellion in Bhatinad. Altunia, governor of Bhatinda refused to accept suzerainity of Razia. Razia accompained by Yakut marched against Altunia. However, Altunia got Yakut murdered and imprisoned Razia. Subsequently, Razia married Altunia and both of them marched towards Delhi. In 1240 AD, Razia became the victim of a conspiracy and was assassinated near Kaithal (Haryana)

Bahram Shah: 1240-1242

After Razia, Iltutmish' third son Bahram Shah was put on throne by powerful turkish council Chalisa. He was considered only as de jure ruler, while Naib-e-mamlakat (the regent) was de facto ruler. Bahram Shah lost his life after failed attempt to assert his authority once on the throne.

Masud Shah: 1242:1246

He was son of Raknuddin but was disposed after Balban and Nasiruddin Mahamud' Mother, Malika-e-Jehan, conspired against him and established Nasiruddin Mahamud as the new Sultan.

Nasiruddin Mahamud: 1246-1266

He was the son of Iltutmish and was known as the Darvesi King as he was very pious and noble. He died in 1266.

Ghiyasuddin Balban: 1266-1287

Balban ascended the throne in 1266. He broke the power of Chalisa and resorted the prestige of the crown. That was his greatest contribution towards the stability of the Sultanate. To keep himself well-informed Balban appointed spies. He created a strong centralised army to deal with internal disturbances and to cheek Mongols who were posing a serious danger to Delhi Sultante. He established the military department Diwani-i-Arz The Persian court model influenced balban's conception of Kingship. He took up the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God) He destroyed Mewati Rajputa brigandage in the doab, where forests were cut and forts built. In his last days he overlooked Sultanate affairs due to dealth of his eldest and most loving son, Muhammad, and rebellion by his closed and most loved slave, Tughril. Muhammad died fighting Mongolians in 1285 and Tughril was captured and beheaded.

Kaiqubad: 1287-1290

A grandon of Balban was established on the throne by Fakruddin, the Kotwal of Delhi who assumed high political authority during last days of Balban. But Kaiqubad was killed by the Khiliji family, which saw end of Slave dynasty and beginning of Khiliji dynasty at Delhi throne.

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The Khilji Dynasty (1296-1316 AD)

The Khilji Dynasty

The Khiljis, wrongly believed to be Afghans, were actually Turks who had for a long time settled in the region of Afghanistan, called Khalji had adopted Afghan manners and customs. There for their coming to the thrown of Delhi is called "Khalji" revulusion. The Ghazani's and Ghori's invasions, and Mongol pressure from Central Asia had pushed them into India.

The term Khilji was their-designation, meaning in Turkic languages "swordsman". Although they had played a conspicuous role in the success of Turkic armies in India, they had always been locked down upon by the leading Turks, the dominant group during the Slave dynasty.

Jalauddin Khalji: 1290-1296 AD

Jalaluddin Kjilji founded Khilji dynasty He followed mild and generous policies This generous policy of the Sultan affected his foreign policy as well. In 1290, he invaded the fort of Ranthambhor. In 1294, Ala-ud-din nephew of Jalal-ud-din, invaded Ramchandra, the ruler of Devagiri in the south. Ramchandra was defeated and Ala-ud-din returneed with an immense booty.

Alauddin Khalji: 1296-1316 AD

He was a nephew and son-in-law of Jalaluddin Khilji. Alauddin Khilji killed him and succeeded the throne in 1296. He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who seperated religion from politics. He proclaimed 'Kingship knows no Kinship'. Alauddin's Imperialism : Alauddin annexed Gujarat (1298), Ranthambhor (1301), Mewar (1303), Malwa (1305), Jalor (1311). In Deccan, Aluddin's army led by Malik Kafur defeated Ram Chandra, Pratap Rudradeva, Vir ballal III and Vir Pandya. The most important experiment undertaken by the Alauddin was the attempt to control the markets. Alauddin sought to control the prices of all commodities, from foodgrains to horse, and from cattle and slaves to costly imported cloth. Economic Reforms (1304) Introduction of Dagh or branding of horses and Chehra Confiscation of the religious endowments and free grants of lands Creation of new department viz Diwan-i-Mustakhraj to enquire into the revenue arears and to collect them Establishment of separate markets for foodgrains cloth, horses, fruits etc Administrative Reforms Ordinances Reorganised the Spy system Prohibition on use of wine in Delhi Nobles should not intermarry without his permission. Confiscated the properties of Nobles classes. Military Reforms Introduced the first permanent standing army of India Abolition of Iqtas of royal troppers and the payment of their salaries in crash. Regular muster of the army.

Shihabuddin Omar: 1316 AD

Mubarak Khan: 1316-1320 AD

After the death of Kafur (1316), Mubarak Khan was freed from prison and was appointed as regent for Shiab-ud-din. He captured the throne at the first opportunity he got, but could rule only for 4 years as he sank into debauchry and could not give up his dissipated lifestyle. He awarded his lover Hassan authority over the army and place guards, and the latter soon obtained full control over the Sultan's palace. Hassan was given the tittle Khusarau Khan by the Sultan and within months Khasrau killed Mubarak Khan and assumed the title of Nasir-ud-din in mid 1320.

Khusro Khan: 1320 AD

Khusrau Khan was killed by Ghazni Khan, governor of Dipalpur when he tried to oppose a rebellion by Ghazni Malik and his son Fakhr-ud-din Jaima. This marked the ned of the Khalji dynasty and the rise of Tughlaq dynasty at the throne of Delhi.

The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD)

The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD)

The Tughlaq Dynasty
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq	1320-24 AD
Muhammad Tughlaq	1324-51 AD
Firoz Shah Tughlaq	1351-88 AD
Mohammad Khan	1388 AD
Ghiyassuddin Tughlaq Shah II	1388 AD
Abu Baqr	1389-90 AD
Nasiruddin Muhammad	1390-94 AD
Humayun	1394-95 AD
Nasiruddin Mahmud	1395-1412 AD

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325 AD)

• Khusrau Khan, the last king of the Khilji dynasty was killed by Ghazni Malik, and Ghazni Malik ascended the throne assuming the title Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
• He died in an accident and his sone Jauna (Ulugh Khan) succeeded him under the title Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq.

Mohammad-bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD)

Prince Jauna, Son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ascended the throne in 1325 He tried to introduce many administrative reforms. He had 5 ambitious projects for which he has became particulary debatable. Taxation in the Doab (1326) Transfer of Capital (1327) Introduction of Token Currency (1329) Proposed Khurasan Expedition (1329) Qarachil Expedition (1330) His five projects have led to revolts all around his empire. His last days were spent in checking the revolts 1335 -- Mudurai became independent (Jalaluddin Ahsan Shah) 1336 -- Foundation of Vijayanagar (Harihar & Bukka), Warrangal became independent (Kanhaiya) 1341-47 -- Revolts of Sada Amirs & Foundation of Bahamani in 1347 (Hasan Gangu) He died in Thatta while campaigning in Sindh against Taghi, a Turkish slave.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq(1351-1388 AD)

He was a cousin of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq. After his death the nobles and the theologians of the court selected Firoz Shah as the next Sultan. Established of Diwan-i-Khairat (department for poor and needy people) and Diwan-l-Bundagan (department of slaves) Making Iqtadari system hereditary. Construction of canals for irrigation from Yamuna to the city of Hissar From the Sutlej to the Ghaggar From the Ghaggar to Firuzabad From Mandvi and Sirmour Hills to Hansi in Haryana. Establishment of four new towns, Firuzabad, Fatebabad, Jaunpur and Hissar.

After Firoz Shah Tughlaq(1388-1414 AD)

The Tughlaq dynasty would not survive much after Firoz Shah's death. The Malwa, Gujarat and Sharqi (Jaunpur) Kingdoms broke away from the Sultanate. Timur Invasion : (1398-99)Timur, a Turk, invaded India in 1398 during the reign of Muhammad Shah Tughlaq , the last ruler of Tughlaq dynasty. His army mercilessely sacked and plundered Dellhi. Timur returned to Central Asia, leaving a nominee to rule to Punjab which ended the Tughlaq dynasty. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325 AD) Khusrau Khan, the last king of the Khilji dynasty was killed by Ghazni Malik, and Ghazni Malik ascended the throne assuming the title Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. He died in an accident and his sone Jauna (Ulugh Khan) succeeded him under the title Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq. If you like our service please support us by clicking on ads to improve better quality of app. by doing so u may be help full to many students who learn our app for FREE.

The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-50 AD)

The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-50 AD)

Khizr-Khan , a lieutenant of Timur, was a Sayyid and so his dynasty is called Sayyid Dynasty. Khizr Khan ruled till 1421, but his whole reign was marked by utter chaos and disorder. He was succeeded, after his death, by his son Mubarak Shah (1421-1434). During his reign the subedars of Punjab, bhatinda and Doab broke out in revolt and the whole of his period was spent in trying to supress them. He died in 1434 and was succeeded by his son Mohammad Shat (1434-1443). During his reign, the ruler of Malwa invaded Delhi, which was however, saved by the valiant Subedar of Lahore, Bahlol Lodhi

Sayyid Dynasty
Khizr Khan	1414-21 AD
Mubarak Shah	1421-33 AD
Muhammad Shah	1421-43 AD
Alauddin Alam Shah	1443-51 AD

Khizr Khan (1414-1421):Timur's nominee captured Delhi and was proclaimed the new Sultan and the first of the Sayyid Dynasty. They ruled over Delhi and surroundings districts.

Mubarak Shah (1421-1434):He succeeded Khizr at the throne after his successful expeditions against Mewatis, Katehars and the Gangetic Doab area. He was killed by the nobles in his own court.

Muhammad Shah (1434-1443):The nobles put Muhammad Shah on the throne, but could not survive the in-fighting among the nobles in the court. He was authorized to rule a meagre area of around 30 miles and rest of the Sultnate was ruled by the nobles.

Alam Shah (1443-1451):The last Sayyid king descended in favour of Bahlol Lodhi and himself retired. Thus began the Lodhi dynasty, which confined to Delhi and a few surrounding areas. If you like our service please support us by clicking on ads to improve better quality of app. by doing so u may be help full to many students who learn our app for FREE.

The Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD)

The Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD)

                                             

Lodhi or Pathans Sultans
Bahlol Lodhi (1451-88 AD)
Bahlol Lodhi was one of the Afghan sardars who established himself in Punjab afer invasion of Timur He founded the Lodhi dynasty. He founded the rule of the Lodhi dynasty by usurping the throne from the last of the Sayyid rulers. He was a strong and brave ruler. He tried to restore the glory of Delhi by conquering territories around Delhi and after continuous war for 26 years, he succeeded in extending his authority over Jaunpur, Rewail, Itawah, Mewar, Sambhal, Gwalior etc. He was a kind and generous ruler. He was always prepared to help his subjects. Though he was himself illiterate, he extended his patronage to art and learning. He died in 1488.
Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517 AD)
Sikandar Lodhi was the son of Bahlol Lodhi who conquered Bihar and Western Bengal. He shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra, a city founded by him. Sikandar was a fanatical Muslim and he broke the sacred images of the Jwalamukhi Temple at Naga Kot and ordered the temples of Mathura to be destroyed. He took a keen interest in the development of agriculture. He introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar's yard) of 32 digits for measuring cultivated fields. He was a staunch Sunni and a Muslim fanatic. He lacked religious tolerance. In the name of religion, he perpetuated untold cruelties on the Hindus.
Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-26 AD)
He was the last king of Lodhi dynasty and the last Sultan of Delhi He was the son of Sikandar Lodhi The Afghan nobility was brave and freedom-loving people but it was because of its fissiparous and individualistic tendencies that the Afghan monarchy was weakened. Moreover, Ibrahim Lodhi asserted the absolute power of the Sultan. At last Daulat Kan Lodhi, the governor of Punab invited Babur to poverthrow Ibrahim Lodhi, Babur accepted the offer and inflicated a crushing defeat on Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526. No Sultan of India except Sultan Ibrahim had been killed on the battle field.

Causes of Decline of Delhi Sultnate : The main causes were :-

1. Deposite and military type of government which did not have the confidence of the people
2. Degeneration of Delhi Sultans (esp. the wild projects of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, Incompetence of Firoz Tughlaq)
3. War of succession as there was no fixed law of it
4. Greed and incompetency of nobles
5. Defective military organisation
6. Vastness of empire and poor means of communication
7. Finanical instability
8. Number of slaves increased to 1,80,000 in Firoz Tughlaq's time which was a burden on the treasury
9. Invasion of Timur

General Administration of Sultanate Political Theory of State : The Turkish Sultans in India declared themselves Lieutenant of the faithfuli.e. of the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad and included his name in Khutba, it did not mean that the Caliph became the legal ruler. The Caliph had only a moral position Political, legal and military authorities were vested in the Sultan. He was responsible for administration and was also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. He was also responsible for the maintenance of law and justice. No clear law of succession developed among Muslim rulers. Thus, military strength was the main factor in succession to the throne. With the exceptions Alauddin Khalji and Mubarak Shah Khalji, all other sultans styled themselves as duputies of Caliph with the title such as Nasir-i-amir ur Momin -assistant of the leader of the faithful or Yamin ul Khalifa i.e. the right hand man of Caliph. When the Turks conquered the country, they divided it into a number of tacts called Iqtas, which were assigned among the leading Turkish nobles. The holders of the office were called Muqti or Walis . It was these tracts, which later Caliph province or Subah. Below the province were the Shiqs and below them the Paragana. We are told that the villages were grouped into units of 100 or 84 traditionally called Chaurasi. The Paragana were headed by Amil. Central Government : The sultanate of Delhi was a police state, whose strength or weakness depended exclusively on the military powers and personality of its depostic sultan. The sultan was assisted in the discharge of his function by a number of dignitaries. To begin with the sultans of the slave dynasty constituted four ministers at the top level. When the sultnate was well-established, two more departmen heads were raised to the status of central ministers, viz sadrus-sadur and the diwan-i-qaza The Commander of the royal army, next after the sultan, the crown prince, and the six or seven dignitaries constituted the nucleus of the council of advisers, called majilis-i-am of majilis-i-khas , which comprised the most trusted and the highest officers of the state. The wazir , also styled as vakil was the prime minister and his department was called the diwan-i-wizarat. He was the head of the finance department and usually held overall charge of the entire administrative set up. The head of the army establishment or the ministry of defence was the diwan-i-arz. He was responsible for the organization and the maintenance of the royal army and excercised disciplinary control over it. The department of correspondence and records of the royal court was called diwan-i-insha; it was held under the charge of a central minister, variously known as the dabir-i-mamlik, dabir-i-khas or amir munshi The diwan-i-risalat consistuted the fourth pillar of the imperial administration of the sultnate. Under the period of slave dynasty, the head of the department was sadar-us-sadur, who was primarily a minister for ecclesiastical affairs. Barid-i-mamlik(intelligence and information);Vakil-i-barbak(royal household); Amir-i-majlis(celebrations & meetings); Amir-i-Shikar(royal hunts);Kotwals(Qazi of metropolis) etc were other important officials of the time.

Following are some of the Sources of Medieval Indian History

• Tajur Masir - Hassan Nizami : This is the first historical narrative of which deals with the beginning of the Muslim rule in India. The author gives in detail the military exploits of Qutobuddin Aibek from 1192 to 1206. The author does not mention Aram Shah but describes the events of Iltutmish's regin up to 1217.

• Tabquat i Narisi - Minhajus Siraj : Siraj produced an elaborate history of the Islamic world in twenty-three compact volumes or books. He starts with the account of the earlier prophets and aneestors of Mohammad.

• Each of his subsequent books is devoted to the history of the caliphs and Muslim rulers of various countries and periods.

• Works of Amir Kusrau : Amir Khusrau was the first and by far the most prominent representive of Indo-Muslim culture of early medieval India. His major works include Qiran us Sa'adain, Miftahed Futuh, Khazainul Futuh, Dewal Rani, Khisly Khani, Nuh Sipir and Tughluq Nama. Quiran us Sa'adain gives an eye-witness account of the meeting that took place in Oudh between Sultan Kaigubad and his father Bughra Kha, the governor of Bengal.

• Dewal Rani Khizr Khani entitled Ashiqa, narrates the romantic story of Khizr Khan, son of Alauddin Khilzi and Dewal Rani, the daughter of Rana Karan of Gujarat. Nuh Sipir is the poetic composition which deals with the region of Mubarak Shah Khilji, the successor of Alauddin Khilhji.

• Tughluq Nama was composed by Amir Khusrau to commemorate the victory of Ghisuddin Tughluq over Khurram Khan (1320 AD), leading to the establishment of a new ruling dynasty.

• Tarikh i Firoze Shahi - Ziauddin barani : This work preserves the history of the Delhi Sultanat for the period 1259 to 1352; it gives the histoy of nine rulers from Balban to Firoze Shah Tughluq. Barani's write up including the narrative of Firoze Tughluq, constitutes a standard a standard work of history, which establishes his reputation as premier historain of his age.

• Fatawa I Jahandari-Barani: It is a complementary volume to the Tarikh i Firoze Shahi. In this book, the author recapitulates and futher elaborates the political philosophy of the sultnate on the basis of his earlier narrative.

• Firoze Tughluq's Authobiography : Sultan Firoze Shan Tughluq has left a brochure of thirty two pages in autobiographical writing, called Futuhat i Firoze Shahi: it give a brief summary of his military compaigns, some of which failed to produce the desired results.

• Tarikh i Forize Shahi - Shams i Siraj Afif: The book is devoted exclusively to the reign of Firoze Tughluq and constitutes the most accurate and authentic contemporary account of his times. The book is unique in sense that it also describes the life and conditions of the people at large.

• Tuzuk i Mubarak Shahi - Yahaya bin Ahmed Sirhindi This is the only contemporary source discovered so far on the history of the Sayyad dynasty(1414-51). The book begins with the rise of the Ghori dynasty and the conquest of the northern India by the turns.

• Futuhus Salatin - Khwaja Abdullah Malik Isami This work was written in 1349-50, on the Turkish rule in India from the Ghaznavids to Muhmmad bin Tughluq.

• Kitab ur Rehla -Ibn batuttaIbn batutta was an Arab traveler and adventure frm Morocoo. His book is a primary source of history of the region of Muhmmad bin Tughluq it throws ligh on the socio-political condition of his times.

Important Central Department, Officials

Important Central Departments
Department	Function
Diwan-i-Risalat (Foreign Minister)	Department of appeals
Diwan-i-Ariz	Military department
Diwan-i-Bandagan	Department of slaves
Diwan-i-Qaza-i-Mamalik	Department of justice
Diwan-i-Isthiaq	Department of pensions
Diwan-i-Mustakhraj	Department of arrears
Diwan-i-Khairat	Department of charity
Diwan-i-Kohi	Department of agriculture
Diwan-i-Insha	Department of correspondence

Important Central Officials
Wazir	The cheif Minister of the State-in  Charge of revenue and finances, controlled by other department.
Ariz-i-Mamlik	Head of Military department
Qazi	Legal Officer(dispensed civil law based on Muslim law Shariat)
Wakil-i-dar	Controller of the royal house hold.
Barid-i-mumalik	Head of the state news agency
Amir-i-majlis	Officer-in-charge of royal feasts, conference and festivals.
Majlis-i-am	Council of friends and officers consulted on important affairs of the state.
Dahir-i-mumalik	Head of the royal correspondence.
Sadr-us-sudur	Dealt with the religious matters and endowments.
Sadr-i-jahan	Officers-in-charge of religious  and charitable endowment.
Amir-i-dad	Public prosecutors
Naib wazir	Deputy Minister
Mushrif-i-mumalik	Accountant general
Amir-i-hazib	Officer-in-charge of the royal court
Kazi-i-mumalik	Chief Justice
Kazi-ul-kazat	Head of the Central Judicial department